IN: David Emile Durkheim (French: [emil dyRkem] or [dyRkajm]; April 15, 1858 - November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist. He formally established the academic discipline and--with Karl Marx and Max Weber--is commonly cited as the principal architect of modern social science. Much of Durkheim's work was concerned with how societies could maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity; an era in which traditional social and religious ties are no longer assumed, and in which new social institutions have come into being. His first major sociological work was The Division of Labour in Society (1893).

A social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or again, every way of acting which is general throughout a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual manifestations.  Durkheim's work revolved around the study of social facts, a term he coined to describe phenomena that have an existence in and of themselves, are not bound to the actions of individuals, but have a coercive influence upon them. Durkheim argued that social facts have, sui generis, an independent existence greater and more objective than the actions of the individuals that compose society. Only such social facts can explain the observed social phenomena. Being exterior to the individual person, social facts may thus also exercise coercive power on the various people composing society, as it can sometimes be observed in the case of formal laws and regulations, but also in situations implying the presence of informal rules, such as religious rituals or family norms. Unlike the facts studied in natural sciences, a "social" fact thus refers to a specific category of phenomena:  The determining cause of a social fact must be sought among the antecedent social facts and not among the states of the individual consciousness.  Such social facts are endowed with a power of coercion, by reason of which they may control individual behaviors. According to Durkheim, these phenomena cannot be reduced to biological or psychological grounds. Social facts can be material (physical objects) or immaterial (meanings, sentiments, etc.). The latter cannot be seen or touched, but they are external and coercive, and as such, they become real, gain "facticity". Physical objects can represent both material and immaterial social facts; for example a flag is a physical social fact that often has various immaterial social facts (the meaning and importance of the flag) attached to it.  Many social facts, however, have no material form. Even the most "individualistic" or "subjective" phenomena, such as love, freedom or suicide, would be regarded by Durkheim as objective social facts. Individuals composing society do not directly cause suicide: suicide, as a social fact, exists independently in society, and is caused by other social facts (such as rules governing behavior and group attachment), whether an individual likes it or not. Whether a person "leaves" a society does not alter the fact that this society will still contain suicides. Suicide, like other immaterial social facts, exists independently of the will of an individual, cannot be eliminated, and is as influential - coercive - as physical laws such as gravity. Sociology's task thus consists of discovering the qualities and characteristics of such social facts, which can be discovered through a quantitative or experimental approach (Durkheim extensively relied on statistics).

What are some examples of social facts?

OUT: love, freedom or suicide,

input: On January 30, 2013, Salonga took part on the 2013 season of Lincoln Center's American Songbook concert series at the Allen Room. In the Philippines, Salonga provided the theme song for TV5's reality singing competition Kanta Pilipinas which premiered on February 8. On February 18, Salonga, Tyne Daly and Norm Lewis starred in a concert performance of Ragtime at Lincoln Center's Avery Fisher Hall. Salonga played Mother. Salonga headlined a concert series, "4 Stars One World of Broadway Musicals," in Tokyo from June 15-23, and in Osaka from June 27-30. She performed with, Ramin Karimloo, Sierra Boggess, and Yu Shirota.  She was one of the four coaches, together with apl.de.ap, Sarah Geronimo and Bamboo Manalac for the ABS-CBN program, The Voice of the Philippines, which premiered on June 15, 2013. In December 2013, Salonga began a concert tour in the Philippines titled "Lea Salonga: Playlist" that celebrated her 35 years in show business. The concert series was extended to January 2014. Salonga wrote a book, Playlist: A Celebration of 35 Years, which she used as a souvenir program for the concerts and sells on her website.  In 2014, she returned for the second season of The Voice of the Philippines and also joined the new Philippine version of The Voice Kids, on which she has appeared for three seasons, as of 2016. Salonga recorded a song called "Wished That I Could Call You" that was included in the charity compilation album Children In Need, released in March 2014. Also in 2014-15, she toured in Asia and North America with Il Divo. In mid-2015, she headlined her own concert series in Australasia. Salonga reprised her role as Kei Kimura in the 2015-16 Broadway production of Allegiance. Charles Isherwood wrote in The New York Times of her performance: "Her voice retains its plush beauty, and her culminating first act solo, "Higher" ... is perhaps the show's musical highlight."  Salonga guest-starred on the April 18, 2016 season finale of the American television series Crazy Ex-Girlfriend. She played Helen Bechdel in the international premiere of Fun Home in November 2016 in Manila. A review in ABS-CBN News said that she "delivers a finely tuned performance, utilizing her prodigious stage presence to provide the cold and dark shadings to erstwhile peppy scenes with her subtle stares and held back emotions. ... [In] "Days by Days" ... she finally lets go of all the resentment and repressed anger of a woman stuck in a marriage built on a lie. Yet there is dignity in her breakdown ... Salonga pulls it off with such clarity, both musically and emotionally, that it's difficult not to be moved.  In 2016 she won two more Aliw Awards, one for Best Major Concert in a Foreign Venue and her second Entertainer of the Year award. The following year, Salonga was one of the coaches on The Voice Teens. Salonga is currently portraying Erzulie in the 2017 Broadway revival of Once on This Island at Circle in the Square Theatre, where she is receiving critical praise for her vocal performance.

Answer this question "How did Allegiance do?"
output:
her performance: "Her voice retains its plush beauty, and her culminating first act solo, "Higher" ... is perhaps the show's musical highlight."